What can high levels of nitrates in drinking water cause?

High levels of nitrates in drinking water are particularly concerning due to their association with methemoglobinemia, often referred to as "blue baby syndrome," in infants. Nitrates convert to nitrites in the body, which can interfere with the ability of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen. This condition is most dangerous for infants under six months of age, as their digestive systems can convert nitrates to nitrites more efficiently than older children and adults. When the hemoglobin is converted to methemoglobin, it does not effectively deliver oxygen to body tissues, leading to a bluish discoloration of the skin, particularly noticeable in the lips and fingertips due to reduced oxygen levels.

The emphasis on the risk to infants highlights the need for monitoring nitrate levels in drinking water, particularly in systems serving young children. Thus, understanding the specific health risks posed by high nitrate concentrations underscores the significance of water quality management and public health safety measures in small water systems.